Intshayelelo kwiNdlela yokuGxotha iLanga yeZinto zePlastiki zeSiphelo soKhuseleko
Isiphumo sokurhoxisa ilangatye seenxalenye zeplastiki asikokuba sisodwa, kodwa sidlala indima kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokutsha (ukufudumeza, ukubola, ukutsha, ukusasazeka) ngeendlela zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Iindlela eziphambili zingahlulwa zibe zezi zilandelayo:
1. Indlela yokuthintela ilangatye yesigaba segesi (ukubamba ii-free radicals)
Le yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo nezisebenzayo.
Umgaqo: Xa izinto ezithintela ilangatye zibola bubushushu, zinokukhupha izinto ezisebenzayo (ezifana ne-halogen radicals X·), eziya "kubamba" ii-H· kunye ne-HO· (iqela le-hydroxyl) radicals ezigcina i-flame chain reaction kwi-combustion reaction, ukuze uxinzelelo lwazo lwehle kakhulu, ukuze kuthintelwe ngempumelelo i-chemical reaction yokutsha.
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye eziqhelekileyo:
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye leHalogen (ibromine, iklorine): ukusebenza kakuhle, kodwa umsi omkhulu ngexesha lokutsha, zinokuvelisa iigesi ezinobungozi ezirhabaxa (ii-dioxins, njl.njl.), okwangoku zilinganiselwe kwezinye iindawo ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
Izinto ezithintela ilangabi ezingenayo i-halogen (ezifana ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus-nitrogen ezithintela ilangabi ezingaphakathi): Iigesi ezingatshiyo ezifana ne-ammonia, i-nitrogen, kunye nomphunga wamanzi ziveliswa ngokubola, ukunyibilikisa ioksijini kunye noxinzelelo lwegesi oluvuthayo, ngelixa zikwabamba ii-free radicals.
2. Indlela yokuthintela ilangatye yesigaba esijijekileyo (ukwakheka komaleko wekhabhoni)
Umgaqo: Izinto ezithintela ilangatye zinokukhuthaza ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye nokufakwa kwe-carbonization kwiipolymers kumphezulu welangatye, zenze umaleko wekhabhoni oxineneyo nongenazimbobo. Olu maleko wekhabhoni ludlala indima ezininzi:
Ubushushu: Buthintela ukudluliselwa kobushushu bangaphandle kwi-polymer yangaphakathi.
Umqobo weoksijini: uthintela iimveliso zokubola zangaphakathi ukuba zingaphumi, kwaye ukwahlukanisa ioksijini yangaphandle ukuba ingangeni.
Umaleko womqobo: Ukhusela izinto ezingaphantsi kwi-melting drops.
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye eziqhelekileyo:
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye le-phosphorus: ezifana nee-phosphate esters, i-phosphorus ebomvu. i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-polymetaphosphosphic acid zenziwa bubushushu, obukhuthaza ukomisa amanzi kwii-polymers ezine-oxygen (ezifana ne-PC kunye ne-PET) zibe yi-carbon.
Inkqubo yokuthintela ilangatye engaphakathi (IFR): Yenziwe ngumthombo we-asidi, umthombo wekhabhoni kunye nomthombo wegesi. Xa ishushu, iyafutha kwaye iyanda, yenze umaleko wekhabhoni we-foam onemingxuma omkhulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunobukhulu bokuqala, onefuthe elihle kakhulu lokuthintela ubushushu kunye ne-oxygen insulation, kwaye bubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokuthintela ilangatye okungenalo i-halogen.
3. Indlela yokupholisa (ukupholisa i-endothermic)
Umgaqo: Ezinye izinto ezithintela ilangatye zifunxa ubushushu obuninzi (ukufunxa ubushushu obuphezulu) xa zibola, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ubushushu bomphezulu wezinto kwaye zilibazise inkqubo yokubola kobushushu beepolymers.
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye eziqhelekileyo:
Ii-hydroxide zesinyithi: Ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-aluminium hydroxide (ATH) kunye ne-magnesium hydroxide (MH). Zifunxa ubushushu obuninzi njengoko zibola kwaye zikhupha umphunga wamanzi, zinyibilikisa iigesi ezitshayo kunye neoksijini. Le yindlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, engenamsi, kodwa ifuna ukongezwa okuninzi (ngesiqhelo ngaphezulu kwe-50%), okunokuchaphazela iimpawu zoomatshini kunye nokugeleza kokucubungula kwezinto.
4. Amaconsi kunye nemiphumo yokunyibilikisa
Isiphumo samathontsi: Ezinye izinto (ezifana ne-PA6/PA66 engalawuliyo ilangatye) ziyanyibilika kwaye zithontsize ngokukhawuleza xa zishushu, zithwale ubushushu kwaye ngaloo ndlela zikhusele izinto ezingentla. Kodwa oku akulawuleki kwaye kuyingozi kuba amathontsi anyibilikisiweyo anokuthwala amalangatye ukuze avuthele ezinye izinto. Inkqubo elungileyo yokuthintela ilangatye kufuneka icinezele amathontsi, okanye iwenze angatshi (amathontsi alinganiselweyo avumelekile kwibanga le-V-2, kwaye alinganiselwe ngokungqongqo kwibanga le-V-0).
Isiphumo sokunyibilika: Ukubola kwezinto ezithintela ilangatye kuvelisa iigesi ezingatshiyo (ezifana nomphunga wamanzi, i-CO₂, i-N₂, i-NH₃, njl.njl.), nto leyo enciphisa uxinzelelo lweegesi ezitshayo kunye neoksijini ejikeleze loo nto.